Amaryllidacea

Picture 1 Distribution of Amaryllidaceae (Mobot.org)

Habit and leaf form. Herbs (without allylic sulphides). Plants green and photosynthesizing. Perennial; with a basal aggregation of leaves, or without conspicuous aggregations of leaves; bulbaceous (mostly), or rhizomatous (in that a few have structures transitional between rhizomes and bulbs). Hydrophytic to helophytic (some scapigerous Crinum spp. described as "amphibious", or "having submerged leaves"), or mesophytic (mostly); the hydrophytes rooted. Leaves submerged. Leaves mostly deciduous; alternate; spiral (not uncommonly, e.g. Crinum), or distichous (mostly); ‘herbaceous’; sessile, or petiolate (or almost so); sheathing; without marked odour (in particular, not onion-scented); simple. Lamina entire; linear, or lanceolate, or oblong, or ovate, or orbicular; parallel-veined; without cross-venules. Lamina margins entire. Leaf development ‘graminaceous’.

Leaf anatomy. The leaf lamina dorsiventral. Stomata present; anomocytic. The mesophyll containing mucilage cells (with raphides); containing crystals. The crystals raphides. Foliar vessels absent. Minor leaf veins without phloem transfer cells (Amaryllis, Zephyranthes). Axial (stem, wood) anatomy. Secondary thickening absent. The axial xylem without vessels.

Root anatomy. Root xylem with vessels; vessel end-walls scalariform.

Reproductive type, pollination. Unisexual flowers absent. Plants hermaphrodite. Floral nectaries present. Nectar secretion from the perianth (from the inner tepals, in Galanthieae), or from the gynoecium (from septal nectaries). Inflorescence, floral, fruit and seed morphology. 

Flowers solitary, or aggregated in ‘inflorescences’; when aggregated, in cymes (variously condensed), or in umbels, or in heads. The ultimate inflorescence units cymose. Inflorescences scapiflorous; cymose, but often umbels or heads by condensation; with involucral bracts (mostly with two(–8) spathelike, free or connate scales), or without involucral bracts; spatheate. Flowers regular to somewhat irregular to very irregular; when irregular, somewhat zygomorphic; 3 merous; cyclic; tetracyclic, or pentacyclic. Perigone tube present (short to long), or absent. Perianth of ‘tepals’; 6; free to joined; 2 whorled (3+3, but often with a conspicuous ‘corona’, like an extra, inner whorl); isomerous; petaloid; similar in the two whorls; green, or green to white, or white, or cream, or yellow, or red, or pink, or purple, or brown (in various combinations, but not blue). Tepal apex trichomes (TAT) present (Amaryllis, Calostemma, Crinum, Habranthus, Hessea, Haemanthus, Hippeastrum, Hymenocallis, Leucojum, Narcissus, Nerine, Paramongaia, Proiphys, Scadoxus, Sprekelia, Stenomesson, Strumaria, Vallota, Zephyra, Zephyranthes). Androecium (3–)6(–18) (nearly always 3+3). Androecial members free of the perianth, or adnate (to the tube); free of one another, or coherent; when joined 1 adelphous; nearly always 2 whorled (3+3). Androecium exclusively of fertile stamens (at least, reduction to staminodes not mentioned by Dahlgren et al. 1985). Stamens 3 (in Zephyra), or 6 (usually), or 9–18 (Gethyllis); isomerous with the perianth (rarely), or diplostemonous; (nearly always) alterniperianthial; filantherous (the filaments sometimes appendaged alongside the anthers). Filaments appendiculate (the connate filaments sometimes expanded to form a staminal corona), or not appendiculate. Anthers dorsifixed (epipeltate), or basifixed (rarely); versatile (usually), or non-versatile; dehiscing via pores, or dehiscing via longitudinal slits; introrse (usually), or latrorse (e.g. Crinum); tetrasporangiate. Endothecium developing fibrous thickenings. The endothecial thickenings spiral. Microsporogenesis successive. The initial microspore tetrads tetrahedral, or isobilateral, or decussate. Tapetum glandular (usually), or amoeboid. Pollen grains aperturate; 1(–2) aperturate; sulcate (usually), or sulculate (Amaryllideae); 2-celled. Gynoecium 3 carpelled. Carpels isomerous with the perianth. The pistil usually more or less 3 celled, or 1 celled (e.g., in Calostemma, and in other forms the dissepiments of an ostensibly trilocular ovary are merely contiguous). Gynoecium syncarpous; eu-syncarpous; inferior, or partly inferior (rarely). Ovary 3 locular (usually), or 1 locular (rarely, though not uncommonly approaching this condition). Gynoecium stylate. Styles 1; apical. Stylar canal present. Stigmas 1, or 3; 1–3 lobed; capitate; dry type (mostly), or wet type (some); papillate; Group II type and Group III type. Placentation when unilocular, basal (viz., in Calostemma,), or parietal; when trilocular (i.e. usually), axile, or basal (rarely, or at least ostensibly so with the ovules solitary or paired and collateral). Ovules (1–)12–50 per locule (i.e. nearly always ‘several to many’); non-arillate; anatropous; without integuments (rarely), or unitegmic, or bitegmic (usually); crassinucellate, or pseudocrassinucellate. Embryo-sac development Polygonum-type (usually), or Allium-type. Polar nuclei fusing prior to fertilization. Antipodal cells formed; 3; not proliferating; ephemeral, or persistent (often). Synergids hooked (with filiform apparatus). Hypostase present (Zephyranthes), or absent. Endosperm formation nuclear, or helobial.

Fruit fleshy, or non-fleshy; dehiscent, or indehiscent; a capsule, or a berry. Capsules loculicidal. Seeds endospermic. Endosperm oily. Seeds winged, or wingless. Seeds without starch. Cotyledons 1. Embryo achlorophyllous (5/5), or chlorophyllous (two species of Haemanthus); straight. Testa encrusted with phytomelan (mostly?), or without phytomelan (e.g., Amaryllis, Hymenocallis); black (mostly), or green, or red. Seedling. Hypocotyl internode absent. Seedling collar not conspicuous. Cotyledon hyperphyll elongated, or compact; assimilatory, or non-assimilatory; when elongated, dorsiventrally flattened. Coleoptile absent. First leaf dorsiventral. Primary root ephemeral.

Physiology, phytochemistry. C3. C3 physiology recorded directly in Zephyranthes. Anatomy non-C4 type (Zephyranthes). Accumulated starch other than exclusively ‘pteridophyte type’. Inulin not found (Gibbs 1974). Cyanogenic, or not cyanogenic. Alkaloids present (amaryllid type), or absent. Saponins/sapogenins absent. Proanthocyanidins absent. Flavonols present, or absent; when present, quercetin, or kaempferol and quercetin. Ellagic acid absent. Sieve-tube plastids P-type; type II.

Geography, cytology. Holarctic, Paleotropical, Neotropical, Cape, and Australian. Temperate (a few), sub-tropical and tropical (many). Widespread.

Species about 800. Genera about 60; Amaryllis, Ammocharis, Apodolirion, Bokkeveldia, Boophone, Bravoa, Brunsvigia, Caliphruria, Calostemma, Carpolyza, Chlidanthus, Choananthus, Clivia, Cooperia, Crinum, Cryptostephanus, Cybistetes, Cyrtanthus, Eucharis, Eucrosia, Eustephia, Galanthus, Gemmaria, Gethyllis, Griffinia, Habranthus, Haemanthus, Hannonia, Hessea, Hieronymiella, Hippeastrum, Hymenocallis, Ismene, Lapiedra, Leptochiton, Leucojum, Lycoris, Namaquanula, Narcissus, Nerine, Pamianthe, Pancratium, Paramongaia Phaedranassa, Phycella, Placea, Proiphys (Eurycles), Pucara, Pyrolirion, Rauhia, Rhodophiala, Scadoxus, Sprekelia, Stenomesson, Sternbergia, Strumaria, Tapeinanthus, Tedingea, Traubia, Ungernia, Urceolina, Vagaria, Vallota, Worsleya, Zephyra, Zephyranthes (Dahlgren et al. (1985) omit many genera).

Economic uses, etc. Many cultivated ornamentals.

Haemanthus multiflorus

(Hidayat, 2017)

Classification of Haemanthus multiflorus Martyn
Regnum  : Plantae
Divisio    : Magnoliophyta
Classis    : Liliopsida
Ordo       : Liliales
Familia   : Amaryllidaceae
Genus     : Haemanthus 
Spesies   : Haemanthus multiflorus Martyn

Synonim :
Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf, 
Amaryllis multiflora (Martyn) Tratt
Nerissa multiflorus (Martyn) Salisb.

Description

Haemanthus multiflorus is a popular deciduous, geophyte, bulb variable in height (15 to 120 cm). The purple- spotted inflorescence stalk is up to 40 cm high and bears an Allium-like spherical head, up to 15 cm diameter with numeros starry red threadlike flowers. The flowers are frequented by a range of insects, particularly butterflies. The long, strap-shaped leaves up to 35 cm long appear with, or shortly after, the flowers. There are three recognized subspecies.
Bulb: Rhizomatous , i.e. a bulb which also produces rhizomes (thickened roots).

Leaves: Leaves developing after the inflorescence elliptic-lanceolate to 35 cm long with wavy margins and distinct midribs. The bases of the leaves, the stalks or petioles, are tightly wrapped together to form a pseudostem or false stem, 5–60 cm long.

Flowers: The flowers are borne on a fleshy, leafless, stem (scape) up to 12-75 cm tall, pale green often mottles with reddish-purple; in the form of a spherical dense umbel of 10 to 200 individual red starry flowers resembling powder puffs. Both the pseudostem and the scape are often covered with reddish brown to dark violet spots. The involucral bracts under the umbel soon withering, lanceolate to linear, up to 6 cm. long and less than 1.5 cm. broad, colourless or tinged with red. Each flower with 6 filamentous perianth segments (tepals) , scarlet with 6 pink stamens. Pedicel (flower stalk) 15–45 mm long. The tepals, filaments of the stamens and the style are all scarlet, fading to pink. The bases of the tepals are fused to form a cylinder-shaped tube, 4–26 mm long; the free ends of the tepals are long and narrow12–32 mm, 0.5–5 mm. broad, (1–)3(–5)-nerved and spreading. Filaments filiform, 1.5–4.2 cm long at anthesis. Anthers 1–3 mm, red or yellow.

Blooming season: Summer after the break of the first rains.

Fruit (berry): Bright orange 5-10 mm across.
***Chromosome number: 2n = 18 (llifle, 2019).

Spot Characters

Thick and lanceolate leaves 

Benefit 

Toxic but can be used as a traditional medicine

Distribution 

Southern Africa, Bostwana, Namibia

Location 

Zone 1 of UPI Botanic Garden 

Local Name 

Kembang Desember 

Hymenocallis littoralis

(Hidayat, 2017)

Classification of Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq) Salisb
Regnum  : Plantae
Divisio    : Magnoliophyta
Classis    : Liliopsida
Ordo       : Liliales
Familia   : Amaryllidaceae
Genus     : Hymenocallis
Spesies   : Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq) Salisb

Synonim : Pancratium littorale Jacq.

Description

Hymenocallis latifolia is a Florida native that is popular for its exceptional foliage and snow-white flowers. This clumping, herbaceous perennial reaches a height of 2 to 3 feet. It has 3-foot-long, dark green, linear leaves that grow directly from an underground bulb. Numerous, white flowers appear above these attractive leaves in the summer and fall. The fragrant, long lasting flowers have a 6-inch-long flower tube with narrow, long, recurving sepals and petals. The upright filaments of these delicate flowers are connected by a gossamer web. Large, ovoid capsules that produce viable seeds appear on this plant after flowering has ceased (Edward, 2018).

Spot Characters

The flower are large, white, and vanilla scented

Benefit 

Roots as fever healing

Distribution 

Australia, Vietnam, China, Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and Sulawesi

Location 

UPI Main Gate

Local Name 

Bakung Putih.

Zephyranthes candida

(Hidayat, 2017)

Classification of Zephyranthes candida (Lindl)
Regnum  : Plantae
Divisio    : Magnoliophyta
Classis    : Liliopsida
Ordo       : Liliales
Familia   : Amaryllidaceae
Genus     : Zephyranthes 
Spesies   : Zephyranthes candida (Lindl)

Synonim : Amaryllis candida Lindl

Description
Habit : A small herb with a bulb.
Leaves : Radical, linear, grass-like.
Flowers : 
Solitary on a scape, whitespathecoloured, bifid.
Perianth segments 6, obovate, veiny.
Stamens 6, adnate on the perianth, anthers versatile.
Ovary inferior, 3-celled, ovules many, style long, stigma 5-fid.
Fruit : Diplotegia small.
Flowering and Fruiting Time : August - October
Significance : Cultivated in the gardens.

Spot Characters

Leaves are long slim with a deep glossy green, white flower

Benefit 

Ornamental Plant.

Distribution 

America, Africa, and Asia

Location 

Zone 1 of UPI Botanic Garden

Local Name 

Kembang Coklat

Hippeastrum spp

(Hidayat, 2017)

Classification of Hippeastrum spp L
Regnum  : Plantae
Divisio    : Magnoliophyta
Classis    : Liliopsida
Ordo       : Liliales
Familia   : Amaryllidaceae
Genus     : Hippeastrum 
Spesies   : Hippeastrum spp L

Synonim :-.

Description

Most Hippeastrum bulbs are tunicate (a protective dry outer layer and fleshy concentric inner scales or leaf bases). The bulbs are generally between 5–12 cm (2"–5") in diameter and produce two to seven long-lasting evergreen or deciduous leaves that are 30–90 cm (12"–36") long and 2.5–5 cm (1"–2") wide. The leaves are hysteranthous (develop after flowering), sessile, rarely persistent and subpetiolate. The flowers are arranged in umbelliform inflorescences which are pauciflor or pluriflor (2-14 flowers), supported on an erect hollow scape (flower stem) which is 20–75 cm (12"–30") tall and 2.5–5 cm (1"–2") in diameter with two free bracts forming a spathe which is bivalve with free leaflets at its base. Depending on the species, there are two to fifteen large showy flowers, which are more or less zygomophic and hermaphrodite. Each flower is 13–20 cm (5"–8") across, and the native species are usually purple or red. They are funnelform (funnel shaped) and declinate (curving downwards and then upwards at the tip) in shape. The perianth has six brightly colored tepals (three outer sepals and three inner petals) that may be similar in appearance or very different. The perianth segments are subequal or unequal. The tepals are united at the base to form a short tube, usually with a rudimentary scaly paraperigonium with fimbriae or a callose ridge present at the throat. The androecium consists of six stamens with filiform (thread like) filaments, which are fasciculate (in close bundles) and declinate or ascendent. The anthers are dorsifixed or versatile. In the gynaecium, the ovary is inferior and trilocular with pluriovulate locules. The style is filiform, and the stigma trifid. The fruit forms a trivalve capsule containing seeds which are dry, flattened, obliquely winged or irregularly discoid, hardly ever turgid, and globose (spherical) or subglobose, with a brown or black phytomelanous testa (GBIF, Tanpa tahun).

Spot Characters

Red Flower

Benefit 

Ornamental Plant

Distribution 

Asia, Himalaya, China, Japan, and Korea.

Location 

FPIPS UPI

Local Name 

Bakung Merah

Amaranthaceae

Picture 1 Distribution of Amaranthaceae (Mobot.org)

Mostly herbs, seldom climbers, subshrubs, shrubs, or even (rarely) small trees, commonly with animalous secondary growth resulting in the formation of concentric rings of vascular bundles; plants often accumulating free oxalates, potassium nitrate and saponins, producing betalains but not anthocyanins, not tanniferous, lacking both proanthocynins and ellagic acid; nodes unilavunar; crystals of calcium oxalate commonly present in some of the cells of the parenchymatous tissues, often as clustered crystals or crystals sand; vessel-segments with simple perforations; imperforate tracheary elements with simple pits; sievetubes with a special kind o p-type plastid that includes a subperipheral ring of proteinaceous filaments, but without a central protein crystaloid.

Leaves. Alternate or opposite, simple and commonly entire or nearly so often with Kranz anatomy, the vascular bundles surrounded by large, cubical parenchyma cells, stoamates variously anomacytic, anidocytic, diacytic or paracytic.

Flowers small, solitary or more often in cymose or variously compound inflorescens, often subtended bt scarious or membranous bracts or bracteoles, variously entomorphilous or anemophilous, generally regular, perfect or less often unixeual, hypogynous or nearly so, apetalouus; sterile flowers, forming hooks or bristles, often presents, subtending nornal flowers; sepals mostly 3-5, seldom only 1 or 2 or even wanting, stamens generally as many as the sepals and opposite them, filaments istinct or more often connate at the base into a tube, the tube often produced into teeth or lobes (“pseudostaminodia”). sympetalous corolla with the filaments attached at the sinuses, usually trinucleate; a nectary-ring often present at the inner base of the filament-tube; gynoecium of 2-3 carpels united to form a compound, unicular ovary with a single, ovules usually solitary and basal (rarely apical and pendulous), free-central placenta; bitegmic.

Fruit. An achene or a small nut, or vcircumscissile, 1-seeded capsule, rarely a berry, often subtended or more or less enclosed bye the persistent calyx, seeds with peripheral, annular, dicotyledonous embryo, hard to granular perisperm, true endosperm nearly or quite wanting (Cronquist, 1981)

Alternanthera ficoidea

(Hidayat, 2017)

Classification of  Alternanthera ficoidea (L) P. Beauv
Regnum  : Plantae
Divisio    : Magnoliophyta
Classis    : Magnoliopsida
Ordo       : Caryophyllales
Familia   : Amaranthaceae
Genus     : Alternanthera
Spesies   : Alternanthera ficoidea (L) P. Beauv

Synonim : Gomphrena ficoidea L., Sp.

Description

Spreading to ascending woody herb; young stems rooting at nodes, either glabrous or densely pubescent all-round or in 2 lines. Petiole less than 1 cm long; blade ovate to elliptical, 2-9 x 0.5-4 cm, apex acute to acuminate, mucronulate, cuneate at base, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, becoming glabrescent, hairs simple or branched near base. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, sessile heads; heads globose, 3-10 mm wide; bracts and bracteoles white, hyaline, spreading, subequal, ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1.5-3.5 mm long, acuminate, aristate, pubescent. Tepals rigid, ovate to elliptical, 3.7-4.5(-5) mm long, acuminate, mucronate or cuspidate, brown to green below, becoming white above, hispidulous, prominently 3-veined, inner 2 tepals navicular; anthers oblong, pseudostaminodia longer than stamens, fimbriate or lacerate apically; style slender, ca. 0.3 mm long, stigma capitate. Utricle ovoid or suborbicular; seed dark reddish-brown, lenticular or cochleate, 1 x 1 mm (Sylvia Mota de Oliveira, tanpa tahun)

Spot Characters
Small wavy leaves with mixed red and green colors

Benefit 
Ornamental Plant

Distribution 
Tropical and subtropical Asia

Location 
Building A FPMIPA UPI

Local Name 
Jukut Jatinangor

Celosia sp

 (Hidayat, 2017)

Classification of Celosia sp L
Regnum  : Plantae
Divisio    : Magnoliophyta
Classis    : Magnoliopsida
Ordo       : Cariophyllales
Familia   : Amaranthaceae
Genus     : Celosia
Spesies   : Celosia sp L

Synonim : Amaranthus cristatus Noronha

Description

Habit and leaf form. Herbs. Annual, or perennial; plants with neither basal nor terminal concentrations of leaves. Self supporting, or climbing (occasionally). Leaves alternate; ‘herbaceous’; simple. Leaf blades entire, or dissected (somewhat lobed); pinnately veined. Leaves without stipules. Leaf blade margins entire. Domatia recorded. Stem anatomy. Nodes unilacunar. Secondary thickening developing from a conventional cambial ring, or anomalous.

Reproductive type, pollination. Fertile flowers hermaphrodite. Unisexual flowers absent. Plants hermaphrodite.

Inflorescence and flower features. Flowers aggregated in ‘inflorescences’; in cymes, or in spikes, or in panicles. The terminal inflorescence unit cymose. Flowers bracteate. Bracts persistent. Flowers bracteolate. Bracteoles persistent. Flowers regular; cyclic; tricyclic. Free hypanthium absent. Hypogynous disk absent. Perianth sepaline; 5; non-fleshy; persistent; accrescent, or non-accrescent. Calyx present; 5; polysepalous; imbricate; regular; persistent; accrescent, or non-accrescent. The fruiting calyx not berrylike. Calyx with the median member posterior. Corolla absent. Androecium 5. Androecial sequence not determinable. Androecial members free of the perianth; all equal; coherent; 1 - adelphous (the filaments basally connate forming a short sheath); 1 -whorled. Androecium exclusively of fertile stamens. Stamens 5; oppositisepalous. Anthers dehiscing via longitudinal slits; introrse; bilocular. Pollen shed as single grains. Gynoecium 2–3 carpelled. The pistil 1 celled. Gynoecium syncarpous; synstylovarious; superior. Ovary unilocular; 1 locular. Gynoecium non-stylate to stylate. Styles 1. Stigmas 2–3; dry type; papillate; Group II type. Placentation basal. Ovules in the single cavity (1–)5–8(–11); non-arillate; campylotropous.

Fruit and seed features. Fruit non-fleshy; dehiscent; a capsule; without fleshy investment. Capsules circumscissile. Seeds roundish; non-endospermic (strictly speaking). Perisperm present (abundant, mealy). Seeds with starch. Embryo well differentiated. Cotyledons 2 (Florabased, 2019).

Spot Characters

The inflorescences is purple like cock's comb

Benefit 

Ornamental Plant

Distribution 

Asia and other tropical and subtropical regions.

Location 

UPI SD Isola

Local Name 

Jengger Ayam

Gomphrena globusa

(Hidayat, 2017)

Classification of Gomphrena globusa L 
Regnum  : Plantae
Divisio    : Magnoliophyta
Classis    : Magnoliopsida
Ordo       : Cariophyllales
Familia   : Amaranthaceae
Genus     : Gomphrena 
Spesies   : Gomphrena globusa L 

Synonim : Amaranthoides globosus (L.) M.Gomez

Description
Habit : An annual erect herb, much-branched, stems and branches thickened, stout, young parts grooved, geniculate, pubescent and often tinged with red; older parts terete and glabrous, greenish-red or yellowish-brown

Leaves : Shortly petioled, opposite, oblong or oblong-obovate, acute, subacute or obtuse at apex, subcordate, rounded or tapering at base, entire along the margins, thinly hairy on both surfaces

Flowers :
Small, yellowish-white or purplish, in solitary or terminal or fascicled spicate heads, globose, large peduncled, bracts 2, foliaceous, below the heads.
Perianth of 5 sepals, unequal, lanceolate.
Stamens 5, filaments united at the base to form a tube, which has 5 teeth, anthers 1-celled.
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, stigma 2.

Fruit : Utricles ovoid, Seeds swollen, reniform.

Flowering and Fruiting Time : September - March

Significance :
Cultivated in gardens as a pot or border plant.
The roots are used in the treatment of coughs (Dr. Maulik Gadani, Tanpa tahun).

Spot Characters

Spherical inflorescences 

Benefit 

Ornamental Plant

Distribution 

Brazil, Panama, and Guatemala.

Location 

UPI Stadium

Local Name 

Bunga Kenop

Amaranthus gracilis

(Hidayat, 2017)

Classification of Amaranthus gracilis Desf
Regnum  : Plantae
Divisio    : Magnoliophyta
Classis    : Magnoliopsida
Ordo       : Cariophyllales
Familia   : Amaranthaceae
Genus     : Amaranthus 
Spesies   : Amaranthus gracilis Desf

Synonim : Amaranthus viridis Linnaeus

Description

Plants annual, sometimes short-lived perennial in tropics and subtropics, glabrous. Stems erect, simple or with lateral branches (especially distally), 0.2–1 m. Leaves: petiole 1/2–11/2 as long as blade; blade rhombic-ovate or ovate, 1–7 × 0.5–5 cm, base rounded, cuneate, or attenuate, margins entire, plane, apex obtuse, rounded, or emarginate, mucronate. Inflorescences slender spikes aggregated into elongate terminal panicles, also from distal axils, green, leafless at least distally. Bracts of pistillate flowers ovate to lanceolate, 1 mm, shorter than tepals. Pistillate flowers: tepals 3, narrowly elliptic, obovate-elliptic or spatulate, not clawed, ± equal, 1.2–1.7 mm, apex rounded or nearly acute, mucronate or not; style branches erect; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers inconspicuous, mostly at tips of inflorescences; tepals 3; stamens 3. Utricles ovoid to compressed-ovoid, 1–1.6 mm, equaling or slightly exceeding tepals, prominently or faintly rugose, indehiscent. Seeds black or dark brown, subglobose to thick-lenticular, 1 mm diam., minutely punctulate, rather dull. 

flower : jun-aug (summer), sep-nov (fall) (JSTROR, 1928).

Spot Characters

The stem is red in color

Benefit 

Edible leaf

Distribution 

Tropical Asia and America

Location 

UPI Ahmad Sanusi Building

Local Name 

Bayam Liar

Altingiaceae

Picture 1 Distribution of Altingiaceae (Blankmap)

Habit and leaf form. Trees (sometimes very large); resinous (ducts in axes and leaves). Leaves alternate; non-sheathing; simple. Lamina dissected; palmatifid (or tricuspidate); pinnately veined, or palmately veined; cross-venulate. Leaves stipulate. Stipules intrapetiolar; caducous (small). Lamina margins entire (rarely), or serrate, or dentate. Domatia occurring in the family (recorded in Liquidambar); manifested as pockets, or hair tufts.

Leaf anatomy. Stomata paracytic. Adaxial hypodermis present. Lamina with secretory cavities. Secretory cavities schizogenous. Axial (stem, wood) anatomy. Secretory cavities present (in the pith). Cork cambium present; initially superficial. Internal phloem absent. Cortical bundles absent. Medullary bundles absent. Secondary thickening developing from a conventional cambial ring. The vessels without vestured pits. The parenchyma apotracheal (scarce). ‘Included’ phloem absent.

Reproductive type, pollination. Unisexual flowers present. Plants monoecious (the male flower consisting of a globose stamen-cluster, enclosed in a bract). Gynoecium of male flowers absent. Inflorescence, floral, fruit and seed morphology. Flowers aggregated in ‘inflorescences’. Inflorescences in terminal racemes (male), or in globular heads cf. Platanus (female). Perianth sepaline, or vestigial; 0 (male flowers), or 12–50 (i.e. many, of minute lobes or scales, in female flowers); more or less accrescent (in female flowers). Androecium 12–100 (i.e. ‘many’ — the male inflorescences consisting terminal racemes of globose stamen-clusters); exclusively of fertile stamens. Stamens 12–50. Anthers basifixed; dehiscing via longitudinal slits, or dehiscing by longitudinal valves; tetrasporangiate. Endothecium developing fibrous thickenings. Microsporogenesis simultaneous. The initial microspore tetrads tetrahedral. Tapetum glandular. Pollen grains aperturate; polyaperturate; foraminate; 2-celled. Gynoecium 2 carpelled. The pistil 2 celled. Gynoecium syncarpous; synstylovarious; inferior. Ovary 2 locular. Stigmas 2; dry type; papillate; Group II type. Ovules 20–50 per locule; horizontal; anatropous; bitegmic; crassinucellate. Embryo-sac development Polygonum-type. Antipodal cells formed; 3; not proliferating; very ephemeral. Endosperm formation nuclear.

Fruit non-fleshy; dehiscent; a capsule. Capsules septicidal. Gynoecia of adjoining flowers combining to form a multiple fruit. The multiple fruits coalescing, or not coalescing. Dispersal unit the inflorescence (this globular, hard, dry, of many capsules). Cotyledons 2; flat. Embryo straight. Seedling. Germination phanerocotylar (Liquidambar). Physiology, phytochemistry. Sugars transported as oligosaccharides + sucrose (Liquidambar). Not cyanogenic. Arbutin absent. Iridoids detected (Liquidambar); . Proanthocyanidins present; cyanidin and delphinidin. Flavonols present; quercetin and myricetin. Ellagic acid present.

Geography, cytology. Temperate to tropical. Asia Minor, temperate and tropical Southeast Asia, North and Central America.

Species 10. Genera 3; Altingia, Liquidambar, Semiliquidambar.

Economic uses, etc. Sources of timber.